The Different Styles of Management Essay - 1005 Words

This research has asked us to look into three different styles of management and find real life examples of companies or individuals who have or are currently using such styles of management. To begin we will take a look into the use of an autocratic style of management versus a participative. In this portion we will look into Leona Helmsley and her chain of hotels. Once this potion is completed, our next section will be looking into a centralized style of management versus a decentralized style. In this section of the research, we will be looking into Apple Inc and how they have built an empire with a centralized style of managing philosophy. Finally, in the final section of the research we will be taking a look at how Google has created†¦show more content†¦Leona was known to fire employees for the simplest mistakes they made (Nayab, 2011). It is hard to argue whether or not this style of managing was a success when it comes to her hotel chains. From the outside, one can s ay that her autocratic style of managing has been a tremendous success; her hotel chains have been valued at well over five billion dollars, but when one looks at the core of her business, it is easy to say that her autocratic style of managing has not been so successful. Employee turnover is high and employee morale and satisfaction has always been at extremely low levels. Employees at her hotel chains are constantly walking on eggshells; they accomplish their tasks in fear of retaliation and possible dismissal if it is not accomplished to her standards. Now that have look at the autocratic style of leadership, the research will navigate towards an example of a company who has been using more of a centralized decision making style versus a decentralized style. Centralized companies are those which rely on one individual to make all the decisions and to also provide guidance for the company. Apple Inc is a prime example of an organization that has used a centralized style of managin g for years and years. According to the website artechina.com; Apple hasShow MoreRelatedDifferent Management Styles3686 Words   |  15 PagesCher Glenn’s Leadership Style and How It Affects the Job Performance and Satisfaction of Employees at Corner Bakery Cafà © Introduction I have chosen to study Corner Bakery Cafà © and how tenured manager Cher Glenn’s leadership style affects the employee’s job performance and satisfaction. First, what exactly is Corner Bakery Cafà ©? Corner Bakery Cafà © is a part of the fast casual segment of the food service industry. Corner Bakery Cafà © has over 30 cafes in theRead MoreDifferent Types Of Management Styles1318 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations move into the future. Management is defined as getting things done through people. In order to get things done, there must be a manger to control, set rules, and motivate people or human resources. There are three main types of management styles that manager’s use, autocratic, paternalistic, and democratic. All these types of management styles are equally important for the business. However, this paper will discuss the paternalistic management style. Such as the prevention to dysfunctionalRead MoreDifferent Aspects Of Management Styles954 Words   |  4 Pagespaper details my observances and experiences of different aspects of management styles of both regions and includes information from an analysis on management and culture in the English-speaking Caribbean that was published in the Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies. I completed the last two years of high school 20 years ago at a school in the Caribbean, having lived in Germany previously. The style of teaching and the way people learned was very different from what I was used to. There was a lot ofRead MoreDifferent Types of Management Styles1272 Words   |  6 PagesCJ Study Guide Chapter 1 Management: the process of combining resources to accomplish organizational goals. Law enforcement management is a process of deciding goals and objectives, adopting a work plan to accomplish them, obtaining and wisely using resources and making decisions that result in a high level of performance and productivity. Difference in Authority, Responsibility, and Delegation: Authority, law, and delegation are key factors in any organization. Authority is the power toRead MoreEssay on The Different Types of Management Styles4740 Words   |  19 PagesThe Different Types of Management Styles by Brick Jackson There are several different types of management styles when it comes to managing in the workplace and choosing the right type of style to lead with could have a big impact in terms of how your staff produces for you. But knowing the four different leadership styles in management does not mean that you can simply pick one and then that is going to work because you are then in essence trying to fit a square peg into a round hole. In mostRead MoreDifferent Styles And Processes That Are Behind Sound Management808 Words   |  4 PagesDevelop your management style and understanding of different styles Business acumen also required a good grasp of management processes and styles. These are essentially the tools, ideas and procedures, which provide the structure and framework for the management and the organisation as a whole. The different styles and processes can boost business acumen by guaranteeing a more logical and consistent approach for different issues. The idea is to enhance the understanding of the different approachesRead MoreConflict Management And Different Communication Styles And Behaviors1942 Words   |  8 Pagesconflict management and resolution. The offense that the defendant was accused of was trespassing. The behaviors of the defendant, the witness, lawyers, and members of the jury were all written down and analyzed. The events that unfolded in the courtroom were also taken into consideration when analyzing the information. Verbal and non-verbal styles were identified and correlated to the outcome of the case. Different conflict resolution styles that were used by the completing sides exposed different lessonsRead MoreBritish Petroleum: Analysis of the Different Management Leadership Styles1506 Words   |  6 Pagesmultinational firm. We will also assess the working culture of Britain which will mainly focus regarding its workforce and then provide some motivational strategies which can be linked with better productiv ity. Finally we will recommend different management leadership styles that would best fit our chosen firm. Overview British Petroleum is a well renowned multinational oil and gas firm which has its headquarters situated in London, United Kingdom. In terms of size it is regarded as third biggestRead MoreOrganization and Management Analysis1470 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Organizational and management analysis are an essential part of organizational environment. In the modern world, working environment characteristics are team work, delegation, information technology interfaces, which have an impact on the effectiveness of organization and management. This helps in cost reduction, decrease in environmental waste, improved employee satisfaction and an increase in overall productivity. To have an organizational and management analysis review of organizational chartsRead MoreManagement Styles Analysis1456 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Styles Management is a far-running subject and there are many definitions of management. From my point of view, management is described as a process to get something done in the business environment. It is the person called Manager who gets various jobs done by assign works to people working with him/her. How the Manager can get the things done effectively and efficiently is an important problem that should be researched. Robert Tannenbaum and Warren H. Schmidt (1958, 1973), who argued

Everything s For A Reason - 1268 Words

everything s for a reason For a reason, by Logan Ellington Well, This is a story about a young man, he was not too short but not very large either, he was about five feet four inches tall. He love basketball, at this moment he is about ten . He tells his dad that he likes basketball and that’s what he wants to play and take part in. Although his father wanted him to be a baseball player, he still asked him. His dad was a mean person, he wanted what he wanted with no care for anyone else feelings, so of course he said no James, you will be a baseball player and that’s final. At that moment in time James was dedicated to be a basketball player. One year later, James come in the house his mom shouts, it is time to eat before baseball†¦show more content†¦So when he was on his way to school he was thinking about calling his mom and asking her if she could bring it to him, sohe is thinking no I will not call her. So as the school day goes on as normal, he got worrisome and can only think of his jersey all day. When the day gets over and he is going to practice, but then he gets stopped by his friend Kevin, he says let’s go play some ball, James says no I have baseball practice. Kevin says come on let’s just go please I have nobody to play ball with me Kevin says. So James says okay just this one time. James has never played real ball, just a couple shots in the gym but that it. So the get to the park and there is people balling there, James got nervous. Immediately after they got there they started to shoot for teams. So he was first up the shoot and I made it. A couple minutes later we start. He finally get the ball in the corner and he air-balled the shot. They get mad at me so I just stop playing, I remember that I promised myself that I will play ball and that’s what I am going to do,†he thinks to himself†. So when he gets home he gets in trouble. He lied to his dad and told his dad that he was walking his girl home and his dad believes him. So the next day after practice he goes and plays ball. â€Å"In Fact,...†? he does for the next three years. He becomes very good. By the time he gets to 9th grade his teams wins the state championship. He only averages like twelve

Adaptive Physical Education by Steven Symes free essay sample

Adaptive Physical Education Games By Steven Symes, eHow Contributor Children with disabilities may not be able to participate to the fullest extent in a regular physical education class. Modified activities for children with disabilities can be employed either in a class with children who have no limitations or in a class composed entirely or students with disabilities. 1. Soccer * Soccer fields cover large areas, so decrease the size of the field to reduce the amount of movement required to play the game. If necessary, restrict running so players can participate by walking. Children who use a wheelchair can hold the ball on their laps while they move around the soccer field. Instead of using the traditional soccer ball, use a Nerf ball or other soft material ball to reduce the risk of injury. For children that have visual impairments, use goals that have an element that makes noise when the ball hits it, such as a bell. We will write a custom essay sample on Adaptive Physical Education by Steven Symes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Basketball * Instead of using the traditional basketball, use different-size balls to make gripping the ball easier. Allow for two-handed dribble so students can maintain control of the ball. An adjustable basketball stand is helpful so the basket can be lowered when the students are first learning how to play the game. Also use larger basketball hoops to make scoring easier. A motion-activated beeper attached to the underside of the basketball hoop will help students with visual impairments know when to shoot the ball. Tennis * Use larger balls that do not fly as quickly through the air to slow down the game play. Remove the center net so students are able to play without constant interruption. Consider using a tee for students to serve the ball from. Allow disabled students to play in pairs with other students who assist in playing the game. For visually impaired students, brightly colored balls help them see the ball. Softball * Instead of traditional softballs and mitts, use balls and mitts with Velcro attached to them. Also use a bat that is larger than the traditional-size bat, making it easier for students to hit the ball. Shrink the size of the diamond so students do not need to run as far to the bases. For students in wheelchairs, use a tee instead of pitching the ball. Consider using balls that have built-in beepers to assist students with visual impairments. * ALEX Resume/CV Parsingwww. hireability. com/ALEX/ale HireAbility is the most accurate fastest! Fully hosted. Simple setup * The Perfect Golf Swing? PerfectConnectionGolfSwing. com Rebel PGA Instructor Claims He Can Add 20-30 Yards to Anyones Swing! * Resources for PE Teachingwww. peoffice. co. uk PE Schemes, Lesson Plans, PE Level Descriptors,Assessment,Free lessons * Calm Autism for Freewww. calmautism. com Improve behaviors and sensory issues with proven program Adaptive PE Activities * Adaptive physical education is designed to modify typical activities, addressing the individual needs and abilities of students with development delays or disabilities. The federal government mandates adaptive PE activities through the special education law USCA 1402 (25). Modifying typical activities for the atypical child is fairly easy and provides fun and exercise for all children. Basketball * To modify playing the game of basketball depends upon the particular disability. For students with motor skill delays such as hand-eye coordination, larger balls for easier manipulation can be used. Use a larger net size and consider lowering the height of the goal. Change the rules, such as to allow traveling or two-handed dribbling. Slow the pace and timing down. Students who use wheelchairs can either dribble from the chair with peers pushing the wheelchairor allow them to carrying the ball in their lap as they hand-wheel down the court. Visually impaired students would benefit from an audio prompt such as a beeper ball or audio sound at the basket. Softball * Developmental delays will require you to modify the equipment used for students. Use Velcro balls and mitts to allow better success at catching a ball. Increase or decrease the size of the bats for better accuracy at hitting. Batting tees will increase the chance of making contact with the ball, especially in the early stages of learning the game. Scale back the size of the playing field and the distance between bases. Peer partner students, which increases success but is also beneficial for student awareness and understanding of disabilities. Changes rules such as tag-outs and increase the number of hitting attempts. Everyone-runs Kickball * Running, no matter your skill or speed, is a great cardio-workout. This version of kickball is fun for all students. The kicking team selects one person to kick and everyone on the team runs to the bases. The game can be scored one of two ways, either when the entire team crosses the home base or the traditional way of scoring each run before receiving three outs. The fielding team must get the ball and pass it to each and every team member and finally to the pitcher. Play stops when pitcher has the ball. Students can be peer partnered for running, fielding and pitching. References * PE Central: Adapted Physical Education * PE Central: Adapted Activities/Basketball * PE Central: Adapted Activities/Softball Resources * Heartland Area Education Agency: Adapted PE

The Movie Industry Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Movie Industry Analysis Essay IntroductionThe Movie Industry is one of the most exciting and informative business in the world, a business where the revenue of a single feature film can approach or exceed $1 billion. In 1994, U.S. consumers spent over $6 billion on movie tickets and another $34 billion on cable TV and video purchases and rentals. In 1996, worldwide gross revenues generated by motion pictures in all territories and media (including music and ancillaries) amounted to over $40 billion. These figures were only a fraction of total entertainment outlays worldwide, spent mostly on American-made movies. Over 70% of the population rents or goes to movies regularly, this accounts for over 1.5 billion movie attendances each year in the United States. Strategic Issues:1) Blockbuster-ability, or the ability to consistently produce awide variety of popular films at a profit;2) Expanding distribution channels into the ancillary markets where profit margins are higher; and3) The value and depth of film libraries, which extend a films lifecycle and gererate revenues far into the future. We will write a custom essay on The Movie Industry Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Key ProblemsCost-Film profits are rare and difficult to measure. There are high promotional and marketing costs which include fees paid to exhibitors, distributions fees, overheads, interset and expenses ( paid usually to studios distributors). These combined costs greatly reduce the revenue sream flowing to the producer and net profit participants. In addition, certain management decisions made in the beginning, whether or not to hire star talent as opposed to an unknown can be quite costly, although this sort of decision may guarentee box office success of the movie. Diversification Integration-The ability to exploit a movie in many markets diminishes investment risk and increases earning potential. Diversification and integration into ancillary markets can turn a movie that has lost money theatrically into a video market winner. Unfortunately, if the studio is a small independent it may cost prohibitive to diversify. If the studio is a major that is not already diversified, the competition and cost to do so would be significant factor. Barriers to entry for independents-The most obvious barrier to entry is the high cost of acquisition. Larger studios owe their survival to ample resources, which afford them the ability to weather box office disasters. Small studios would not necessarily be able to survive box office failures. Major studios also have an advantage in their ability to maintain distribution networks across the country and in foreign markets. This ensures that their films get to theaters and television screens. Competition-Thousands of screenplays are in developement at any given time but only 450 to 500 actually become motion pictures. Of those, approximately 173 are actually released to the theaters. Even then, the success at the box office is not guaranteed because that success is always subject to public preference. Historical trends in the industry-Feature motion pictures have historically had one major source of revenue in the United States and abroad,The movie theater. Industry statistics reveal that in the past ten years there has been an overall increase of at least 30% in many ancillary markets and over 200% in the case of home video. Today much of the world is undergoing a mass communications revolution; hence, new movie markets such as home video, cable and pay-per-view have been growing so rapidly that they are no longer just ancillary markets to the basic theatrical market but have become basic markets in themselves. The latest technological frontier for motion picture companies was in direct-access TV through telephone lines. With the advent of the new computer-based technologies, cable markets and direct digital-delivery of motion pictures via satellite and the Internet are expected to increase dramatically over the next five years, creating an accelerated demand for original and re-run motion pictures. .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 , .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .postImageUrl , .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 , .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8:hover , .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8:visited , .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8:active { border:0!important; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8:active , .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8 .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u043790e5cc93a92a59866c6dd33204e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Cold Blood: Summary EssayDATA ANALYSISWhat is the competitive environment?There are thousands of screenplays in development at any given time, however each year only 450 to 500 of these are produced into motion pictures. Although the majority undergo principal photography in the United States, approximately 60 to 80 are shot offshore (including Mexico and Canada). Of these approximately one-third come from the majors (Disney, Sony, (Columbia-Tristar), Warner Brothers, Universal, Paramount and Twentieth Century Fox) and

French Expressions Using Donner

French Expressions Using Donner The French verb donner literally means to give and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to sound the alarm, devote oneself, show signs of weakness, and more with this list of expressions with donner. Possible Meanings of Donner to giveto attack, go into actionto awardto be on (TV, radio)to deal (cards)to grant (permission)to hand in (homework)to hold (a party, dance)to make a donationto put on (a play, show)to show (a movie)to yield, produce (fruit, juice)(familiar) to grass/squeal/fink on Expressions with Donner donner __ ans quelquunto give someone __ years, to guess that someone is __donner fondto be on full-blast (radio, TV)donner manger/boire quelquunto give someone something to eat/drinkdonner pleinto be on full-blast (radio, TV)donner quelquun penser/croire/comprendre queto suggest that, to make someone think/believe/understand thatdonner rireto give cause for laughterdonner au nord/sudto face north/southdonner contreto run intodonner dans  - (people) to tend toward; to enjoy, be into  - (architecture) to lead intodonner dans le panneau (informal)to fall right into the trapdonner dans une embuscade/un pià ¨geto fall into an ambush/a trapdonner de lappà ©tit quelquunto give someone an appetitedonner de la tà ªte/du front contre quelque choseto hit ones head against somethingdonner des signes de faiblesseto show signs of weaknessdonner de soi-mà ªme/de sa personneto give of oneselfdonner de soi-mà ªme pourto devote oneself todonner du cor(hunting) to sound the horndonne r du fil retordre quelquunto give someone a lot of work or troubledonner faim/froid quelquunto make someone feel hungry/colddonner la chair de poule quelquunto give someone goose bumpsdonner la charge contre quelquunto charge at someonedonner la communion to give communion todonner lalarme/lalerteto sound the alarmdonner la mal de mer quelquunto make someone seasickdonner lassaut quelquunto attack someonedonner le changeto alleviate suspiciondonner le change quelquunto put someone off the scent/trackdonner le feu vert to give the green light, the go-aheaddonner le la (music)to set the tonedonner le ton/la note(music) to set the tonedonner le vertige quelquunto make someone feel dizzydonner lexempleto set an exampledonner lheure quelquunto tell someone the timedonner lordre quelquun de infinitiveto order someone to verbdonner quelque chose ( a business)to take something in (to a business - mechanic, tailor, etc.) to be repaireddonner quelque chose faire quelquunto give someone something to dodonner quelque chose quelquun par testamentto bequeath something to someonedonner quelque chose pour/contre quelque choseto trade, exchange, swapdonner raison quelquunto prove someone right, to side with someonedonner sa langue au chatto give up (trying to guess)donner sa placeto give up ones seatdonner son amitià © quelquunto offer ones friendship to someonedonner son coeur quelquunto give ones heart to someonedonner son corps la scienceto donate ones body to sciencedonner son sangto donate blood, to shed blooddonner surto look out over/onto; to open onto; to overlookdonner tort quelquunto blame someone, to disagree with someone, to prove wrongdonner tout son temps to devote all ones time todonner un baiser quelquunto give someone a kissdonner un coup de balai/chiffonto sweep/dust quicklydonner un coup de fil quelquun (informal)to give someone a calldonner un coup de main quelquun (informal)to give someone a hand, help someone outdonner un coup de piedto kickdonner une fessà ©eto spankdonner une fà ªteto throw a partydonner une gifleto slapdonner un fait pour certainto present a fact as a certaintyen donner quelquun pour son argentto give someone his moneys worthne pas savoir oà ¹ donner de la tà ªteto not know which way to turnne rien donnerto have no effectAvec lui, cest donnant donnant. He never does anything for nothing.Ça donne  ! (familiar)Its cool! Brilliant!Cela donne chaud/soifIt makes you (feel) hot/thirsty.Cela donne des maux de tà ªteIt gives you a headache.Cela va te donner des forcesIt will give you strength.Cest toi de donnerits your dealCest ce quon ma donnà © entendreThats what I was led to believe, given to understanddonnant donnantfairs fairdonnà © cest donnà ©a gift is a giftà ©tant donnà ©given thatIl nest pas donnà © tout le monde de... Not everyone in the world is lucky enough to...Je donnerais beaucoup pour savoirId give a lot to knowJe me donnerais des coups  !I could kick myself!Je te le donne en cent/mille (informal)Youll never guess (in a million years)!...nest pas donnà © tout le monde.Not everyone is gifted with...On donne quelquun/quelque chose pour...He/It is said to be...On lui donnerait le bon Dieu sans confession.He looks as if butter wouldnt melt in his mouth, He looks totally innocent.On ne lui donne pas dà ¢ge .You cant tell how old he is. Le soleil donne en plein.The sun is beating down.Les sondages le donnent en tà ªte.The polls put him in the lead.un donneur / une donneusegiver, (card) dealer, donor; (familiar) informant, narc Se Donner The pronominal French verb  se  donner  literally means to give oneself or to give to each other and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to give ones all, act like, find the means, and more with this list of expressions with  se  donner.se  donner  ___  jours/mois  pour...to give oneself ___ days/months to...se  donner  to devote oneself tose  donner   fond  dans  quelque  choseto give ones all to somethingse donner bonne conscienceto affect a clear conscience, ease ones consciencese  donner  comme  but/mission/objectif  de... to make it ones aim/mission/objective to...se  donner de  grands  airsto give oneself airsse  donner des airs deto act likese  donner le temps de  faireto give oneself time to dose  donner  les  moyens  de  faireto find the means to dose donner un maà ®tre/prà ©sidentto choose a master/presidentse  donner du malto take great troublese  donner de la peineto take great painsse  donner des  baisersto kiss one anotherse  donner des coupsto exchange blowsse  donner du  bon  tempsto have a good/whale of a timese  donner le motto pass the word onse  donner le nom/titre  deto call oneself by the name/title ofse  donner pourto claim/profess to be; to make oneself out to bese donner pour but/mission/objectif/tà ¢che  de... to make it ones aim/mission/objective/task to...se  donner  rendez-vousto arrange to meet, make an appointmentse donner une contenanceto pretend to be composedse  donner  une  importance  quon  na  pasto act as if one is important when s/he isntse  donner  une  nouvelle  imageto give oneself a new imagesen  donner  (informal)to have the time of ones lifesen  donner   cÅ“ur  joieto enjoy oneself to the full, to have a field dayDonner conjugations

Appeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Appeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2 Free Online Research Papers When The Great War came to an end in November 1918, the suffering of the nations involved was so appalling that many hoped never to repeat such an experience again. The fact that the Second World War took place just twenty years later is indeed intriguing. Until now, the debate on who is to be blamed for causing the war is still on, with many historians coming to different conclusions. There were three prominent underlying factors from the 1920’s onwards that can be evaluated when discussing the causes of the war. They are the Treaty of Versailles, the weakness of the League of Nations and the world economic crisis of the early 1930’s. In short, these factors formed the basis for the starting of a war by providing a tense atmosphere in Europe. However, the Treaty of Versailles and the weakness of the League could only be responsible to a limited extent as Europe in the mid 1920’s was on the road to recovery, with peaceful foreign policies that could have pr evented war. Clearly, more major factors were needed in order for a war to breakout. In fact, the three main parties responsible for causing the war were the appeasers (British and French), the Soviet Union and Hitler. In addition, the different viewpoints of historians are also compared in the course of this investigation. The policy of appeasement adopted by the British and the French was a factor that played a critical role in the outbreak of the war. As the British Prime Minister, Stanly Baldwin was the first to introduce appeasement in the mid 1930’s. However, when Neville Chamberlain came into office in 1937, he took appeasement to a whole new level. According to the British government, the meaning of appeasement was â€Å"pacification through the settlement of issues by negotiation and compromise†. The British pursued this policy with great confidence as they had several logical reasons to justify their actions. It was only after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, that many British began to feel that Germany was indeed â€Å"harshly† and unjustly treated. They were also afraid that Germany would turn towards aggression once again and perhaps spark another war. Therefore, Britain was willing to give in to Hitler’s demands as it was a way of â€Å"redre ssing Germany’s legitimate grievances†. Especially after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the British were interested for various reasons in the â€Å"preservation of peace†. With a crippled economy, Britain could not afford to spend on rearming her armed forces, and therefore was in no position to wage a war against aggressor nations. Since an economically strong Germany was essential to achieve economic stability in Europe, appeasement seemed appealing as it would not only strengthen the German economy but also put an end to the political instability within Germany. Furthermore, Britain would also benefit from trading with a financially strong Germany. Besides, since most of the British still bared in mind the destruction and atrocities caused by the Great War, there was a â€Å"widespread appeal of pacifism† in Britain. Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement was therefore widely supported by the British as it was seen as a way to prevent another devastating war from taking place. Furthermore, as the League of Nations was proven to be unsuccessful in the preservation of peace, Chamberlain believed that only a personal diplomacy between leaders could resolve conflicts. Besides, as Chamberlain and other Conservatives feared Communism more than Nazism, they hoped that Hitler would stop the sprea d of Communism to the West. This was especially so during the 1930’s when Stalin’s Russia was strengthening due to rapid industrialization. Although the policy of appeasement is often associated with both the British and the French, it is important to note that in the beginning, the French did not always support appeasement. Unlike Britain, France was more interested in ensuring her national security and the suppression of Germany. The French strongly believed that in order to preserve the peace in Europe, Germany had to be severely weakened. However, as France was significantly weakened and divided as a result of much political upheaval caused by a constant change in governments, the French subsequently subscribed to Britain’s policy of appeasement. In the eyes of the appeasers, the policy of appeasement was intended strictly to preserve peace in Europe. However, this was misinterpreted by Adolf Hitler, who in turn saw it as a weakness of Britain and France. In 1933, Hitler came into power with a goal to make Germany into a great power again. Through his foreign policies, Hitler hoped to achieve this by overthrowing the Treaty of Versailles, strengthening the armed forces, recovering lost territory and uniting all Germans within the Reich. This ambition of his was another factor that played a critical role in the outbreak of the war. Hitler saw himself as â€Å"catalyst of the will to Germanic greatness†, and he believed that Germany would only become strong again through the use of aggression and war. In 1934, Hitler posed a direct challenge to the Treaty of Versailles by rearming the German armed forces. He managed to do so by reintroducing conscription and ordering the mass production of submarines, tanks and aircrafts. Upon announcing Germany’s rearmament programme in 1935, the initial response of the British and the French â€Å"amounted to little more than solemn protestations and appeals to the League of Nations†. At the Stresa Conference, Britain, together with France and Italy did not attempt to stop Hitler’s rearmaments. Instead, they only assured the protection of Austria’s sovereignty. Similarly, even the League of Nations did not attempt to restrict Hitler’s aggressive rearmament plans as there were â€Å"no economic or military sanctions imposedâ € . As a result of appeasement, Hitler’s confidence grew significantly. The Anglo-German Naval Agreement signed in June 1935 was Britain’s form of appeasement towards the German rearmaments. The terms of the agreement acknowledged the German rearmament of her Navy and it was limited to thirty-five percent of the British fleet. It was the first time where the British openly approved a German contravention of the Versailles Settlement. Besides, the signing of the agreement was solely made by Britain, without the consent of France and Italy. The agreement did not only undermine the mutual trust between Britain and France, but also compromised the Stresa Front. As the agreement was effective in helping Germany flout the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler felt assured that the appeasers would not stop his rearmament programmes and perhaps even his goals to overthrow the treaty. In 1936, Hitler ordered the remilitarization of the Rhineland. As the Rhineland was a strategic â€Å"military position from which the French could have struck at the heart of Germany’s power† , reoccupying it removed a serious threat to Germany’s sovereignty. Prior to the reoccupation, the appeasers were well aware of Hitler’s plans to carry out a â€Å"coup†. However, they did not attempt to stop him from taking back what was originally Germany’s. France could have stopped Hitler by sending in troops, but however she was afraid of waging a war with Germany, given the lack of British support. Germany could then deter future French aggression by building heavy defenses and deploying troops in the Rhine region. As a result, Hitler grew even bolder and he began to challenge the balance of power in Europe. The German annexation of Austria was finally successful in March 1938. Hitler saw the annexation of Austria â€Å"as a solution to the problems of Germany’s war-orientated economy†, and also as a way of uniting all Germans within the Reich. Following the demonstrations staged by the Austrian Nazis on Hitler’s order, German troops were sent to occupy Austria. As Britain believed that Austria was under the sphere of German influence, the responses of the appeasers were nothing more than protests. The Anschluss with Austria did not only strengthen the friendship between Germany and Italy, but it also provided Hitler with a â€Å"direct passage into Southeast Europe†. Appeasement from Britain and France once again gave Hitler a confidence boost to continue his conquest. Following the Anschluss with Austria, Czechoslovakia was next on Hitler’s agenda. Assured by his previous successes, Hitler demanded for the incorporation of the Sudetenland into the Third Reich. The Sudetenland was the wealthiest and the most industrialized region of Czechoslovakia, with the largest population of German minorities living outside Germany. In support of the Sudeten Nazis led by Henlein, Hitler caused a widespread political turmoil with his propaganda campaign. Afraid that a war might breakout, the appeasers called on the Czech President, Benes to make compromises with Hitler. Hoping to resolve the issues, Chamberlain met Hitler on three separate occasions. At Berchtesgaden, Hitler honored Chamberlain’s proposal that there would be self-determination for Sudetenland. However, at Godesberg, Hitler demanded the immediate impartment of Sudetenland into the Third Reich. Unwilling to compromise any further, Chamberlain returned to Britain and ordered t he armed forces to prepare for war. At the Munich Conference, the Big Four gave in to Hitler’s harshest terms. The Czechs, on the other hand were forced to sign the agreement. Chamberlain then signed another pact with Hitler, stating that the two nations would never go to war again. As Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, it was clear that the policy of appeasement was a failure. Hitler â€Å"had now reached the limits of what the appeasers were willing to tolerate from him†. Despite the rising tension, Hitler took a risk and invaded Poland. When he ignored the ultimatum issued by Britain and France to stop his invasion of Poland, the appeasers declared war on Germany. Besides appeasement and Hitler himself, there were other factors that contributed to the outbreak of the war. Firstly, the Great Depression of the early 1930’s led to the rise of a totalitarian, Nazi Germany led by Hitler. By the late 1920’s, the German economy was on the road to recovery due to excessive American investments. As a result, Germany subsequently became heavily reliant on the US backing given to them. Following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, America withdrew its investments in Germany and demanded the payment of the loans given to them earlier. The German economy therefore went into a state of serious depression. Afraid of losing even more support from the people, the Weimar government was â€Å"unwilling to take the unpopular measures that would be required to bridge the gap†. Since the severe economic problems in Germany were not resolved, the masses started to look towards the Nazi Party for solutions to their woes. This significantly attributed to the rise of the Nazi Party and Hitler. Secondly, the weakness of the League of Nations made it incapable of preserving peace in the 1930’s. From the start, the League lacked the backing of the two super-powers, USA and Russia. Following the United States Senate’s rejection of both the Treaty of Versailles and the League, the USA subsequently adopted the policy of isolation. Russia on the other hand was not incorporated into the League as there was a widespread fear of Communism. Furthermore, its leading members, Britain and France each had their own self-interests. This in turn limited the purpose of collective security. This purpose of the League was severely undermined on two occasions, namely the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and the Italian invasion of Abyssinia. During the Abyssinian crisis, Italy managed to conquer Abyssinia despite the economic sanctions imposed on her. As Mussolini â€Å"succeeded in flouting the League†, it was no longer seen as an effective form of collective secu rity. The League was indeed effective in resolving humanitarian crises, but however when it came to preserving peace, it was filled with flaws. In conclusion, the outbreak of the Second World War was a shared responsibility mainly between Hitler, Britain and France. The policy of appeasement which was intended by Britain and France to preserve peace was misread by Hitler as a weakness. The appeasers were partially responsible for causing the war as appeasement provided Hitler with a platform to increase his demands with each success he attained. Furthermore, they were inconsistent in their stand towards Hitler’s aggression. As the appeasers have been giving in to Hitler’s demands since 1936, Hitler assumed that they would do the same for his invasion of Poland. Unexpectedly, Britain and France declared war on Germany and this sparked off the war. Hitler himself was also partially at fault for causing the war as he misinterpreted the intentions of the appeasers and turned towards aggression. The other underlying factors such as the Versailles Settlement, the weakness of the League and the world economic c risis all played minor roles in the outbreak of the war. They were primarily responsible for creating a tense atmosphere in Europe but were too trivial to spark a war. The Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact was also partially responsible as it provided the assurance Hitler needed in order to invade Poland without having to worry about a Soviet invasion. In short, the outbreak of the war was the result of a series of misunderstandings and miscalculations made by the respective leaders. 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Introduction to Media Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Media Studies - Essay Example Under the influence of a number of political, cultural, philosophical, and social factors a new bourgeois order emerged. With appearance of this order the relationships between public and private also transformed and the possibility of public discussions of existing situation became possible. Society understood the necessity of polemizing over crucial issues important for its development. That was the period when society learned to express its opinion. According to Habermas, public sphere was and must be characterized by the possibility of people to express that opinion, by common access to it, lack of any political or financial control, and the possibility to debate over general rules (1991; 435). Further capitalism influenced transformation of bourgeois public sphere as it determined an appearance of free competitive market. As a result new institutions specializing on active discussions, such as newspapers, magazine, salons where people got a chance to express this opinion have spread. However, Habermas points to the fact that public sphere underwent more profound transformation with evolution of capitalism. Fast social changes, industrialization of the cities, urbanization, and growth of educational level of society put public sphere into a new reality. Further the boundaries between public and private matters started blurring again and the prevalence of rational– critical debate that was an attribute of bourgeois society was substituted by consumerism. The status of a person was no longer determined by the ability to express valuable opinion regarding political questions and was substituted by the ability to buy and use things. So eventually public sphere has become a sphere of dominance of media and public opinion became dependent on media manipulation. What is more important that introduction of advertising made press, Television, and the Internet a means of trade, thus the initial function of public